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and Music
Appendix D: Music Sample
Composition
Because adolescents tend to listen to a certain type of music rather than simply "popular music" in general, the 1,000 songs in the music sample were distributed evenly among 5 popular genres: Country-Western, Alternative Rock, Hot-100 (or Top-40), Rap, and Heavy Metal. The study design called for the inclusion of the top 200 songs (100 for each year) within each of these categories; however, the existence of considerable yearly and genre "crossover" complicated the general picture. For example, a list of songs that made the top 100 in Rap for 1996 and 1997 included several that were popular in both years, thus yielding an overall sample somewhat smaller than 200.
Heavy Metal Sample
Billboard charts were used for all music types except Heavy Metal. Because Billboard does not publish a Heavy Metal chart, song titles in this category were derived from a two-step process. The first songs included were those that appeared on Radio and Records magazine’s Active Rock singles chart, without at the same time appearing (or "crossing over") on Billboard’s Modern Rock chart (used to define the Alternative Music list for this study). This process yielded 94 songs. The remaining songs—the number needed to achieve the total Heavy Metal sample—were taken from College Music Journal’s list of top Loud Rock albums. Cuts were randomly selected from the top 58 albums of 1996 and the top 59 of 1997. While this hybrid selection procedure deviated from the method used for other music categories, it nonetheless achieved the end result of accumulating a list of songs representative of the core of rock music’s "heavy" edge.
Billboard’s Hot-100 chart represents mainstream or pop music as well as certain songs from other genres that became popular enough to break into the Hot-100 charts for 1996 or 1997. The following figures indicate the extent of this "crossover" phenomenon.
31 songs appeared on both the Hot-100 and Rap lists (15 percent crossover).
21 songs appeared on both the Hot-100 and Alternative Rock lists (10 percent crossover).
2 songs appeared on both the Hot-100 and Heavy Metal lists (1 percent crossover).
1 song appeared on both the Hot-100 and Country lists (0.5 percent crossover).
The following charts identify all of the song titles that were included in this study.
1996 Alternative Rock Titles
|
Title |
Artist |
Label |
|
13th, The |
The Cure |
Fiction |
|
1979 |
Smashing Pumpkins |
Virgin |
|
#1 Crush |
Garbage |
Capitol |
|
6th Avenue Heartache |
Wallflowers |
Interscope |
|
Aeroplane |
Red Hot Chili Peppers |
Warner Bros. |
|
All I Know |
Screaming Trees |
Epic |
|
All Mixed Up |
311 |
Capricorn |
|
Aneurysm |
Nirvana |
Geffen |
|
Angels of the Silences |
Counting Crows |
DGC/Geffen |
|
Angry Johnny |
Poe |
Modern |
|
Banditos |
The Refreshments |
Mercury |
|
Big Bang Baby |
Stone Temple Pilots |
Atlantic |
|
Big Me |
Foo Fighters |
Roswell/Capitol |
|
Bittersweet Me |
R.E.M. |
Warner Bros. |
|
Blow Up the Outside World |
Soundgarden |
A&M |
|
Bound for the Floor |
Local H |
Island |
|
Brain Stew |
Green Day |
Reprise |
|
Bullet with Butterfly Wings |
Smashing Pumpkins |
Virgin |
|
Bulls on Parade |
Rage Against the Machine |
Epic |
|
Burden in My Hand |
Soundgarden |
A&M |
|
But Anyway |
Blues Traveler |
A&M |
|
Caught a Lite Sneeze |
Tori Amos |
Atlantic |
|
Champagne Supernova |
Oasis |
Epic |
|
Common Disaster, A |
Cowboy Junkies |
Geffen |
|
Counting Blue Cars |
Dishwalla |
A&M |
|
Cumbersome |
7 Mary 3 |
Mammoth/Atlantic |
|
Desperately Wanting |
Better than Ezra |
Swell/Elektra/EEG |
|
Distance, The |
Cake |
Capricorn |
|
Don't Look Back in Anger |
Oasis |
Epic |
|
Don't Speak |
No Doubt |
Trauma |
|
Down |
311 |
Capricorn/Mercury |
|
E-Bow the Letter |
R.E.M. |
Warner Bros. |
|
El Scorcho |
Weezer |
DGC |
|
Everything Falls Apart |
Dog's Eye View |
Columbia |
|
Fire Water Burn |
Bloodhound Gang |
Republic |
|
Flood |
Jars of Clay |
Silvertone |
|
Follow You Down |
Gin Blossoms |
A&M |
|
Free to Decide |
Cranberries |
Island |
|
Glycerine |
Bush |
Trauma/Interscope |
|
Hail Hail |
Pearl Jam |
Epic |
|
Heartspark Dollarsign |
Everclear |
Capitol |
|
Heaven beside You |
Alice in Chains |
Columbia |
|
Hello |
Poe |
Modern |
|
Here in Your Bedroom |
Goldfinger |
Mojo |
|
High n' Dry |
Radiohead |
Capitol |
|
I Got Id |
Pearl Jam |
Atlantic |
|
I Hate My Generation |
Cracker |
Virgin |
|
I Was Wrong |
Social Distortion |
550 Music |
|
If I Could Talk I'd Tell You |
Lemonheads |
TAG |
|
If It Makes You Happy |
Sheryl Crow |
A&M |
|
In the Meantime |
Spacehog |
HiFi/Sire/EEG |
|
Ironic |
Alanis Morissette |
Maverick/Reprise |
|
Just a Girl |
No Doubt |
Trauma |
|
King of New Orleans |
Better than Ezra |
Swell/Elektra/EEG |
|
Kitty |
Presidents of the U.S. of A |
Columbia |
|
Lady Picture Show |
Stone Temple Pilots |
Atlantic |
|
Ladykillers |
Lush |
4AD |
|
Long December, A |
Counting Crows |
DGC |
|
Love Rollercoaster |
Red Hot Chili Peppers |
Geffen |
|
Lump |
Presidents of the U.S. of A |
Columbia |
|
Mach5 |
Presidents of the U.S. of A |
Columbia |
|
Machinehead |
Bush |
Trauma/Interscope |
|
Mighty K.C. |
For Squirrels |
550 Music |
|
Mint Car |
The Cure |
Fiction |
|
Mother Mother |
Tracy Bonham |
Island |
|
Muzzle |
Smashing Pumpkins |
Virgin |
|
My Friends |
Red Hot Chili Peppers |
Warner Bros. |
|
Naked |
Goo Goo Dolls |
Metal Blade/WB |
|
Natural One |
Folk Implosion |
London/Island |
|
Novocaine for the Soul |
Eels |
DreamWorks |
|
One Headlight |
Wallflowers |
Interscope |
|
One of Us |
Joan Osborne |
Blue Gorilla |
|
Only Happy When It Rains |
Garbage |
Almo Sounds |
|
Peaches |
Presidents of the U.S. of A |
Columbia |
|
Photograph |
Verve Pipe |
RCA |
|
Popular |
Nada Surf |
Elektra |
|
Possum Kingdom |
Toadies |
Interscope |
|
Pretty Noose |
Soundgarden |
A&M |
|
Radiation Vibe |
Fountains of Wayne |
Scratchie |
|
Ready to Go |
Republica |
deConstruction |
|
Ruby Soho |
Rancid |
Epitaph |
|
Salvation |
Cranberries |
Island |
|
Santa Monica Watch the World |
Everclear |
Capitol |
|
Satellite |
Dave Matthews Band |
RCA |
|
Scooby Snacks |
Fun Loving Criminals |
EMI |
|
Shame |
Stabbing Westward |
Columbia |
|
Sister |
The Nixons |
MCA |
|
So Much to Say |
Dave Matthews Band |
RCA |
|
Spiderwebs |
No Doubt |
Trauma |
|
Standing Outside a Broken Phone Booth with Money in My Hand |
Primitive Radio Gods |
Ergo/Columbia |
|
Stinkfist |
Tool |
Zoo |
|
Swallowed |
Bush |
Trauma/Interscope |
|
Stupid Girl |
Garbage |
Almo Sounds |
|
Sweet Lover Hangover |
Love and Rockets |
Beggars Banquet |
|
Tahitian Moon |
Porno for Pyros |
Warner Bros. |
|
Tattva |
Kula Shaker |
Columbia |
|
Thirty-three |
Smashing Pumpkins |
Virgin |
|
Tonight, Tonight |
Smashing Pumpkins |
Virgin |
|
Too Much |
Dave Matthews Band |
RCA |
|
Trippin' on a Hole in a Paper Heart |
Stone Temple Pilots |
Atlantic |
|
Wax Ecstatic (To Sell Angelina) |
Sponge |
Columbia |
|
What Do I Have to Do |
Stabbing Westward |
Columbia |
|
What I Got |
Sublime |
Gasoline Alley/MCA |
|
Where It's at |
Beck |
DGC |
|
Who Will Save Your Soul |
Jewel |
Atlantic |
|
Who You Are |
Pearl Jam |
Epic |
|
Whoever You Are |
Gaggy Tah |
Luaka Bop |
|
Wonder |
Natalie Merchant |
Elektra |
|
Wonderwall |
Oasis |
Epic |
|
World I Know, The |
Collective Soul |
Atlantic |
|
You Learn |
Alanis Morissette |
Maverick/Reprise |
|
Zero |
Smashing Pumpkins |
Virgin |
